A review of key findings from studies examining mental health challenges, cultural factors, and barriers to care access among Iranian immigrants—primarily in Western countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia—offers a broad perspective on the phenomenon of the Iranian diaspora. However, this is merely a glimpse of the broader “elephant of migration in the dark,” and it should not be considered exhaustive. Available research has explored the impact of migration, acculturation, and socio-cultural dynamics on mental health, as well as the unique adaptations and resilience within this population.
It is noteworthy that research on the mental health of Iranian immigrants has grown in recent decades—a growth that partly reflects the significant diaspora following the 1979 Revolution and subsequent socio-political changes in Iran. Studies consistently identify migration-related stressors—such as language barriers, discrimination, unemployment, and loss of social support—as key contributors to mental health challenges, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For instance, comprehensive reviews have shown that pre-migration trauma, cultural shock, and post-migration difficulties like social isolation disproportionately affect Iranian immigrants’ mental health. Some studies report a prevalence of up to 28% for stress-related mental disorders linked to acculturation in this group.
Cultural factors play a significant role in shaping mental health outcomes and help-seeking behaviors. The social stigma surrounding mental illness is a recurring theme, with many Iranian immigrants viewing psychological distress as a source of shame or a spiritual matter rather than a medical issue. Qualitative studies, particularly those involving older Iranian immigrants, reveal a holistic conceptualization of mental health. In this view, mind, body, and spirit are integrated, often leading to reluctance to adopt Western biomedical models such as psychotropic medications. This cultural perspective aligns with structural barriers—such as limited access to culturally competent care, lack of insurance, and distrust in healthcare systems—further reducing service utilization.
Acculturation has been a focal point. Some research examines how adaptation to host cultures influences mental health. Studies suggest a complex relationship: higher levels of acculturation (adopting host culture traits) and biculturalism (balancing both cultures) correlate with better mental health, while cultural resistance (solely maintaining Iranian norms) is associated with poorer outcomes.
Gender differences also play a role. Iranian men often report better mental health and higher adaptability than women, possibly due to differing social roles and expectations.
Specific populations, such as the elderly and youth, have been studied to understand generational variations. For example, older Iranian immigrants face unique challenges like isolation and a preference for traditional coping mechanisms (e.g., family support or religious practices) over professional care. Meanwhile, younger immigrants and second-generation Iranians grapple with identity conflicts and discrimination, which can exacerbate psychological distress. Research also highlights resilience factors—such as strong family cohesion and social networks—that protect against mental health decline.
Despite these insights, gaps in understanding remain. There is a scarcity of longitudinal studies tracking mental health over time, and much of the research focuses on urban, educated samples, potentially overlooking immigrants in smaller towns, rural areas, or those with fewer resources. Additionally, while some studies propose culturally tailored interventions, few have evaluated their effectiveness.
The literature underscores the need for culturally sensitive mental health services and further exploration of resilience-based approaches to support Iranian immigrant populations.
